（3）邊界鏈碼法。1977年，F(xiàn)reeman首先提出了4向鏈碼和8向鏈碼，因此鏈碼又稱為Freeman碼。鏈碼法是用邊界曲線起始點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)和邊界點(diǎn)方向代碼來(lái)描述邊界曲線的方法，常被用來(lái)在圖像處理、計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)、模式識(shí)別等領(lǐng)域中表示曲線和邊界區(qū)域。該方法主要是利用一系列具有特定長(zhǎng)度和方向相連的直線段來(lái)表示目標(biāo)的邊界。由于每個(gè)線段的長(zhǎng)度固定而且方向數(shù)目有限，因此，只有邊界的起點(diǎn)需要采用絕對(duì)坐標(biāo)表示，其余點(diǎn)都可只用連續(xù)方向來(lái)代表偏移量，而且對(duì)于每一個(gè)點(diǎn)只需要一個(gè)方向數(shù)就可以代替兩個(gè)坐標(biāo)值。由此可見(jiàn)，表示一個(gè)方向數(shù)比表示一個(gè)坐標(biāo)值所需的比特?cái)?shù)要少。因此，采用鏈碼表示可大大減少邊界表示所需要的數(shù)據(jù)量。此外，鏈碼具有簡(jiǎn)單、節(jié)省存儲(chǔ)空間、便于計(jì)算以及平移不變性等特點(diǎn)，使得對(duì)于封閉區(qū)域特征參數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)變得簡(jiǎn)單易行。
袋裝糧圖像中存在多個(gè)橢圓，需要對(duì)每一個(gè)橢圓進(jìn)行描述和識(shí)別，因此需要采用一種計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單、存儲(chǔ)量小、實(shí)時(shí)性高的算法，而且糧袋邊界是一條封閉的曲線。因此，本文采用邊界鏈碼法來(lái)對(duì)糧袋邊緣進(jìn)行描述。
數(shù)字圖像是按照固定間距的網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行采樣的，因此最簡(jiǎn)單的鏈碼是跟蹤邊界并賦給每?jī)蓚(gè)相鄰像素的連線一個(gè)方向值。常用的有4方向和8方向鏈碼，如圖3所示。在數(shù)字圖像中，任意一個(gè)像素點(diǎn)周圍均有8個(gè)鄰接點(diǎn)，而8方向鏈碼正好與像素點(diǎn)的實(shí)際情況相符，因此能夠準(zhǔn)確地描述中心像素點(diǎn)與其鄰接點(diǎn)的信息。在8方向鏈碼中，鏈碼沿著數(shù)字曲線或者邊界像素以八鄰接的方式移動(dòng)和編碼，相鄰兩個(gè)像素的偏移量用數(shù)字0“7表示，碼值加1，其所指的方向則按逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)45°。
一條邊界曲線可以由曲線的起始點(diǎn)和該曲線的鏈碼確定。假設(shè)曲線S如圖4所示，其鏈碼由數(shù)組Lianma［］表示。
采用8方向鏈碼描述曲線S得到的數(shù)組Lianma［］={0，6，0，7，0，6，5，4，4，3，2，2，2}。從圖中可以看出，只要知道邊界任意一點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)和其他點(diǎn)的鏈碼值，就能準(zhǔn)確地描述出區(qū)域的邊界。為了得到一個(gè)完整的邊界鏈碼，便于后續(xù)處理（如鏈碼的存儲(chǔ)、特征的提取、重構(gòu)等），可將曲線起始點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)、曲線鏈碼和鏈碼長(zhǎng)度一起存放在一個(gè)鏈碼表中［10］，鏈碼表格式如圖5所示。
針對(duì)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行邊緣提取并進(jìn)行二值化后的袋裝糧圖像，用行掃描法得到糧袋邊緣的最左上角的邊界點(diǎn)作為跟蹤的起始點(diǎn)，采用8方向鏈碼搜索邊緣，邊界鏈碼跟蹤袋裝糧圖像邊界輪廓算法步驟如圖6所示。
對(duì)圖像邊緣進(jìn)行邊界跟蹤的目的是為了提取圖像中目標(biāo)體的特征點(diǎn)（如邊界曲線的端點(diǎn)、交叉點(diǎn)、拐角點(diǎn)、閉合曲線的形心等），以便識(shí)別對(duì)象體。在對(duì)袋裝糧圖像中糧袋橢圓邊緣曲線進(jìn)行提取之后，根據(jù)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)可做如下判斷：（1）設(shè)置橢圓方差閾值，判斷邊界曲線是否是接近橢圓形狀；（2）如果邊界曲線是一個(gè)近似的橢圓，則可以用一系列橢圓的數(shù)學(xué)特征的線性組合作為對(duì)袋裝糧圖像識(shí)別的隸屬度函數(shù)。橢圓的數(shù)學(xué)特性有周長(zhǎng)、形心、面積、離心率等，而這些參數(shù)很容易通過(guò)邊界鏈碼計(jì)算得到，可以采用特征量的線性組合作為隸屬度函數(shù)對(duì)袋裝糧圖像的橢圓邊界進(jìn)行識(shí)別，以區(qū)分不同面上的糧袋，從而達(dá)到智能識(shí)別的目的。
針對(duì)所提取出來(lái)的邊緣不是完全閉合的問(wèn)題，采用數(shù)學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)的閉合運(yùn)算對(duì)二值圖像進(jìn)行預(yù)處理后再進(jìn)行邊緣檢測(cè)，最終得到了完全閉合的邊界。鏈碼法與其他方法相比，算法簡(jiǎn)單、可大幅度減少數(shù)據(jù)、可以提高圖像處理速度和匹配效率，以及具有平移不變性等特點(diǎn)，使得對(duì)于封閉曲線區(qū)域特征參數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)變得簡(jiǎn)單易行。糧袋邊緣精確的檢測(cè)和描述是糧食數(shù)量智能識(shí)別的前提，試驗(yàn)證明，本文采用改進(jìn)的Laplace算子對(duì)袋裝糧圖像進(jìn)行邊緣檢測(cè)，所提取的邊界更為平滑、連續(xù)、清晰。
A20B-0007-0090/09F
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