A02B-0259-B501 晶振是什么呢？對于外行人來講，真的很難理解。接下來小編對晶振進(jìn)行一個簡單的解釋。電子元件中有一種叫“壓電石英晶體”的元件，這種晶體分為兩種，“石英晶體諧振器” 和“石英晶體振蕩器” 。簡而言之， 這兩種晶體都簡稱為“晶振” 。即“晶體” 就是“晶振” ， 也就有了“晶振” 這一名詞的來源。
“石英晶體諧振器” 和“石英晶體振蕩
1、石英晶體的結(jié)構(gòu)
利用石英晶體（Quartz-Crystal）的壓電效應(yīng)制成的一種諧振器件。石英本質(zhì)是礦物質(zhì)硅石的一種，化學(xué)成分是Sio2，從一塊晶體上按一定的方位角切割成的薄片稱為晶片
形狀是呈角錐形的六棱結(jié)晶體，具有各向異性的物理特性。按其自然形狀有三個對稱軸，電軸X，機(jī)械軸Y，光軸Z。
石英晶體及橫斷面
石英諧振器中的各種晶片，就是按照各軸不同角度，切割成正方形、 長方形、 圓形、 或棒型的薄片，如圖
石英晶體切型
2、石英晶體的基本特性
（1） 石英晶體特有的正、 反兩種壓電效應(yīng)
正壓電效應(yīng)：當(dāng)沿晶體的電軸或機(jī)械軸施以張力或壓力時， 就在垂直于電軸的兩面上產(chǎn)生正、 負(fù)電荷， 呈現(xiàn)出電壓。
負(fù)壓電效應(yīng)：當(dāng)在垂直于電軸的兩面上加交變電壓時， 晶體將會沿電軸或機(jī)械軸產(chǎn)生彈性變形（ 伸張或壓縮） ， 稱為機(jī)械振動。
石英晶體壓電效應(yīng)
（2） 石英晶體具有諧振回路的特性
石英晶體存在著固有振動頻率。
當(dāng)晶體幾何尺寸和結(jié)構(gòu)一定時， 它本身有一固定的機(jī)械振動頻率。當(dāng)外加電信號頻率在此自然頻率附近時， 就會發(fā)生諧振現(xiàn)象。它既表現(xiàn)為晶片的機(jī)械共振， 又在電路上表現(xiàn)出電諧振。
這時有很大的電流流過晶體， 產(chǎn)生電能和機(jī)械能的轉(zhuǎn)換。
（3） 具有較小的頻率溫度特性
石英晶體溫度系數(shù)小和低噪聲
石英晶體振蕩器的頻率穩(wěn)定度可達(dá)到10 -5數(shù)量級以上， 具有很高的品質(zhì)因數(shù)， 產(chǎn)生幾十kHz幾百M(fèi)Hz的振蕩頻率。
3、石英晶體的等效電路
當(dāng)晶體不振動時， 可以看成是一個平板電容器Co， 稱為靜電電容。Co與晶片的幾何尺寸和電極面積有關(guān)。
石英晶體的等效電路
Co——靜態(tài)電容和支架引線等分布電容之和， 一般約2～5PF。
Cq ——動態(tài)電容， 表征晶體的彈性， 值很小， 在10﹣ pF以下。
Lq ——動態(tài)電感， 表征晶體的質(zhì)量， 值較大， 在幾十mH ～幾百H。
rq ——動態(tài)電阻，機(jī)械摩擦和空氣阻尼引起的損耗， 阻抗很小，幾～幾百歐。
Lq1、Cq1、rq3——晶體基頻等效電路。
CLq3、Lq3、rq3——晶體三次泛音等效電路。
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