本期話題
● EUV光刻機產能如何？
● 晶圓為什么是圓的？
● 不同制程的芯片之間有何區別？
● 什么是邏輯芯片，邏輯芯片又包括哪些？
● 專用芯片與通用芯片
● 5nm光刻技術與ASML光刻機有何區別？
EUV光刻機產能如何？
大飛_6g（聽友）
請問謝博士，EUV光刻機的產能是怎樣的？比如用的光刻機，滿負荷生產手機芯片麒麟990，每天能產多少片？中芯國際有多少臺投入生產的光刻機？是1臺、5臺還是10臺呢？謝謝
謝志峰（主講人）這位聽友很專業，但是有些細節可能問的不夠準確。首先，EUV光刻機以波長為10-14nm的極紫外光作為光源，是目前世界上的光刻機，通常只用在集成電路的光刻工序中，在多數情況下，193光刻機就能夠滿足一般的光刻需求。 光刻機的產能通常以月來計算，大約一個月能夠產出2000片12寸的硅片。中芯國際目前有很多在廠光刻機，不是5臺，不是10臺，應該是100臺左右。
晶圓為什么是圓的？
太陽曬西瓜（聽友）
謝老師，請問為什么晶圓是圓的而不是方的呢？
謝志峰（主講人）
晶圓的原始材料是硅，是一種晶體材料。高純度的多晶硅溶解后摻入硅晶體晶種，然后慢慢拉出，從而形成了圓柱形的單晶硅。單晶直拉法工藝中的旋轉提拉決定了硅錠的圓柱型，所以在進行切割后大多也都是圓形，圓形的硅片在晶圓生產的設備中更加容易處理，如果一定要切成方形將會造成材料浪費。
不同制程的芯片之間有何區別？
tsms精益六西格瑪（聽友）14nm技術達到7nm技術一樣的性能，芯片的體積會增大多少？我們有必要繼續緊跟摩爾定律嗎？
謝志峰（主講人）技術的迭代不僅表現在體積的縮小，還有其他一些標準。當你工藝做小了以后，它的性能會更好、集成度會更高、功耗也會減少。
每一代技術的更迭通常會帶來長度上30%的縮減。比如這一代是14nm，下一代的長度會在14nm基礎上乘0.7，也就是10nm左右，10nm的下一代就會變成7nm，以此類推。
14nm到10nm是一代，10nm到7nm又是一代，所以使用14nm技術想要達到與7nm技術一樣的性能，芯片尺寸將增大4倍。
可能有人會覺得體積增大4倍也能接受，其實不然。7nm芯片只有14nm芯片體積的1/4，它的制造成本和功耗都會降低，另外當芯片做小時，性能也會提升，所以我們是非常有必要繼續往下走的。
什么是邏輯芯片？
龍寒lyzs（聽友）謝老師，您認為什么是邏輯芯片？邏輯芯片又包含哪些呢？
謝志峰（主講人）所有能夠實現功能的芯片都是邏輯芯片，只是單純存儲數值的芯片是存儲芯片。邏輯芯片無處不在，包括CPU、GPU、MCU等等。
我再舉一些例子，Intel的CPU，Nvdia的 GPU屬于邏輯芯片；三星的Dram，長江存儲的NAND FLASH等屬于存儲芯片。單純的邏輯芯片不能獨立使用，需要與存儲芯片配套。
專用芯片與通用芯片
RockyMa5939（聽友）AI既然可以用軟件的方法實現，為什么還要研發AI芯片呢？
謝志峰（主講人）所有的軟件都必須要在硬件上實現，目前，AI確實可以通過人們的電腦或者手機來實現，但電腦、手機里都有芯片，AI功能的實現實際上是通過這些設備中的通用芯片實現的。無論是Intel的處理器或者華為麒麟處理器，它們都是標準的硬件，CPU屬于通用計算單元，暴力運行某種算法并非其特長，例如CPU挖礦的效率就遠比不上專門為HASH算法特制的ASIC礦機芯片。
為什么要研發AI芯片呢？AI芯片屬于專用芯片，專用芯片是為了滿足特定用戶或特定電子系統的制作需求。AI是依賴特定的神經算法實現的，這個任務交給普通的CPU來做，效率比較低下。當硬件中的專用芯片只做AI相關的計算時，它的性能可能有千倍萬倍的提高。
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