ABB FPBA-01
采集板與主機(jī)的通訊的實(shí)現(xiàn)
本系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)主從式的結(jié)構(gòu)，主機(jī)為PC工控機(jī)，從機(jī)為T(mén)MS320VC5402DSP，它們通過(guò)PCISA總線建立連接。PC機(jī)可以通過(guò)C5402的HPI口讀寫(xiě)其片內(nèi)RAM存儲(chǔ)單元，而C5402不能讀寫(xiě)主機(jī)的存儲(chǔ)單元，雙方采用中斷方式互相聯(lián)絡(luò)。傳統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)與外部主機(jī)進(jìn)行接口時(shí)，需要外擴(kuò)必要的硬件電路。當(dāng)單片機(jī)需要與主機(jī)共享RAM時(shí)，需在片外擴(kuò)展RAM及觸發(fā)、鎖存等芯片，然后主機(jī)通過(guò)DMA方式訪問(wèn)該擴(kuò)展RAM，這樣一來(lái)主機(jī)可以隨機(jī)或整塊地訪問(wèn)、共享RAM。另外，在片外至少需要擴(kuò)展一片鎖存器使得單片機(jī)可以中斷主機(jī)。TI的TMS320C5402HPI接口將以上功能集成到DSP內(nèi)部，使其與主機(jī)的連接變得非常簡(jiǎn)單。而且由于HPI是集成到片內(nèi)的，主機(jī)可以達(dá)到很高的訪問(wèn)速度，滿足了數(shù)字信號(hào)處理中高速度的要求。
在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，PC機(jī)要向C5402發(fā)送一些控制命令和數(shù)據(jù)，主要包括：1）采樣命令，控制C5402采樣的起停；2）參數(shù)修改命令，通知C5402修改參數(shù)及整定值；3）數(shù)據(jù)上傳命令，通知C5402上傳采樣數(shù)據(jù)等。同時(shí)，C5402也要告知PC機(jī)自己所處的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)和所檢測(cè)到的信息，主要包括：1）正常運(yùn)行狀態(tài)；2）故障啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)上述的雙向信息交流，可以在C5402的內(nèi)部RAM中定義兩個(gè)存儲(chǔ)單元，一個(gè)是命令單元，用于存放PC機(jī)發(fā)給C5402的命令字；另一個(gè)是狀態(tài)單元，用于存放標(biāo)志C5402系統(tǒng)所處狀態(tài)的狀態(tài)字。另外，再?gòu)腃5402內(nèi)部RAM中劃分出兩個(gè)存儲(chǔ)區(qū)，一個(gè)是Host區(qū)，用于存放PC機(jī)傳給C5402的數(shù)據(jù)；另一個(gè)是Slave區(qū)，用于存放C5402要傳給PC機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)PC機(jī)要向C5402發(fā)送命令和數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，先將命令字和數(shù)據(jù)分別寫(xiě)入命令單元和Host區(qū)，然后向C5402發(fā)出中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)，C5402響應(yīng)中斷后將命令字和數(shù)據(jù)讀出，并根據(jù)命令字完成相應(yīng)的操作。PC機(jī)可以隨時(shí)讀取狀態(tài)單元，以獲取C5402系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)信息。正常運(yùn)行時(shí)，C5402狀態(tài)字的值為初始化值（0000H）。故障發(fā)生后，當(dāng)C5402需要向PC機(jī)上傳必要的數(shù)據(jù)信息時(shí)，先將狀態(tài)字和數(shù)據(jù)分別寫(xiě)入狀態(tài)單元和Slave區(qū)，然后向PC機(jī)發(fā)出中斷請(qǐng)求，PC響應(yīng)中斷后將狀態(tài)字和數(shù)據(jù)讀出，并根據(jù)狀態(tài)字完成相應(yīng)的操作。
ABB FPBA-01
采集板的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證
為了驗(yàn)證采樣及處理單元工作的正確性，并可用于故障選線裝置中，完成了以下實(shí)驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)用信號(hào)由信號(hào)發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生：電平為-1V～+1V，頻率分別為50Hz和200Hz的正弦信號(hào)。
試驗(yàn)中，用DSP的XF引腳產(chǎn)生A/D采樣時(shí)鐘信號(hào)，其采樣頻率由DSP的內(nèi)部定時(shí)器設(shè)定，為1.6kHz。對(duì)于200Hz的輸入信號(hào)，在一個(gè)周期采樣8點(diǎn)；對(duì)于50Hz的輸入信號(hào)，在一個(gè)周期采樣32點(diǎn)。采樣數(shù)據(jù)先保存在DSP的內(nèi)部RAM中，然后由工控機(jī)通過(guò)ISA總線讀進(jìn)來(lái)，并以文件的形式保存到硬盤(pán)上，最后用MATLAB將波形顯示出來(lái)，如圖4（a）和圖4（b）。
從這兩個(gè)圖可以看出，采樣恢復(fù)波形與原始波形相吻合，而且很光滑。通過(guò)以上試驗(yàn)可以肯定，本采樣及處理單元的設(shè)計(jì)是成功的。
3裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)的主要功能及特點(diǎn)
1）正常情況下裝置實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視零序電壓（U0）的變化量，對(duì)采樣數(shù)據(jù)不做任何分析。發(fā)生單相接地故障時(shí)，監(jiān)視程序發(fā)命令，通過(guò)硬件觸發(fā)裝置，裝置隨即保存當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)窗中的數(shù)據(jù)，將采集到的數(shù)據(jù)下載到計(jì)算機(jī)的硬盤(pán)上并啟動(dòng)選線算法，給出選線結(jié)果。
2）故障選相。如果電壓相相電壓小于Ｋ倍額定相電壓，則電壓相為接地相；如果三相電壓都大于Ｋ倍額定相電壓，則電壓相的下一相為接地相；在實(shí)際的故障相判定中Ｋ值應(yīng)小于0.823。中性點(diǎn)經(jīng)消弧線圈接地系統(tǒng)判別故障相的方法與中性點(diǎn)不接地系統(tǒng)相似，將上述方法中的“下一相”改為“上一相”即可。
3）判定故障線，發(fā)出選線信號(hào)或跳閘。如果采用暫態(tài)法無(wú)法判定故障，則啟動(dòng)穩(wěn)態(tài)法進(jìn)行計(jì)算：對(duì)采樣值進(jìn)行FFT分解，按基波或5次諧波排隊(duì)（對(duì)于NUS和NRS采用基波，對(duì)于NES采用諧波），取幅值的前三個(gè)進(jìn)行比相，若某個(gè)與另外兩個(gè)方向相反，則判斷該線路接地，否則，為母線接地。
4）每塊數(shù)據(jù)采集板能對(duì)12條線路同時(shí)進(jìn)行監(jiān)視。
4結(jié)論
小電流接地系統(tǒng)發(fā)生單相接地時(shí)，故障電流暫態(tài)分量的頻率、幅值、相位等參數(shù)與故障特性有清晰的相關(guān)性，接地電容電流的暫態(tài)分量往往比其穩(wěn)態(tài)值大幾倍到幾十倍，本裝置采用能對(duì)突變的、微弱的非平穩(wěn)故障信號(hào)進(jìn)行精確處理的小波分析理論的選線算法進(jìn)行選線很好地解決了傳統(tǒng)選線方法利用穩(wěn)態(tài)信息進(jìn)行選線準(zhǔn)確率低的問(wèn)題，此外由于故障選線裝置要同時(shí)監(jiān)視多條線路并采集多路電量信息，數(shù)據(jù)分析處理任務(wù)繁重。數(shù)字信號(hào)處理芯片（DSP）具有快速運(yùn)算能力和強(qiáng)大的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力，可以為故障選線的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供強(qiáng)大的硬件支持。為此，利用DSP構(gòu)成實(shí)時(shí)多通道同步數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)以保證多路信號(hào)測(cè)量的同步性、實(shí)時(shí)性和精度。實(shí)現(xiàn)的裝置能夠滿足實(shí)際運(yùn)行的需要。
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