3UF7300-1AB00-0 硬件原理圖
為保證上述功能的實現，裝置的功能部件及組成方式如圖1所示。
2.2硬件設計
為確保系統測量的高精度以及運行的可靠性，在硬件電路的設計上做了如下工作：
1）主機采用PC級工控機，其特點是廠家信譽度較高、工藝成熟、通用性好，適合于制作通用型產品。
2）電流變送器選用輸入頻響的范圍為25Hz～5kHz，精度等級為0.1級。具有交直流通用、高精度、高隔離、寬頻響、快響應時間、低漂移、低功耗、寬溫度范圍等特點。
3）為防止信號出現的混疊現象，電流信號在A/D采樣之前經MAX274低通濾波器濾掉信號中的高頻分量。MAX274是美國MAXIM公司推出的一種8階連續時間有源濾波器，它內部含有數個（MAX274為4個）2階狀態可變濾波器單元，不需外接電容，只需外接電阻，就可實現工作頻率從100Hz到150kHz的低通、帶通濾波器。其中心頻率、轉折頻率、Q值、放大倍數等均可由外接電阻加以確定，參數調整十分方便。其仿真波形如圖2所示。
4）數據采集卡采用自行設計的以TMS320-VC5402DSP為CPU的數據采集卡，由于選線的判據大多是依賴于各條出線同一時刻的電流值，需要采用同步采樣技術，對多路信號同時進行采樣，以使所測得的信號間相位關系與原始信號保持一致。我們利用Maxim公司推出的MAX125ADC來實現對多路通道的同時采集。MAX125是內部自帶同步采樣保持器的高速多通道14位并行數據采集芯片。芯片內部包含一個14位的、單通道轉換時間為3μs的逐次逼近式模數轉換器，一組可以同時對四路輸入信號進行同步采樣的采樣/保持電路。MAX125每個采樣/保持電路前面有一個二選一的轉換開關，這樣總共有兩組（分為A組和B組）共八個輸入通道，但每次只能同步采樣其中的一組［１１，１２］。實際應用中由TMS320VC5402的XF引腳或外部時鐘信號來同時啟動3片MAX125進行A/D轉換。當3片MAX125
取3片MAX125各4次，就可以讀到轉換后的結果，達到對12路信號實現同時采集的作用。其結構圖如圖3所示。
2.3采集板原理
圖3中虛線框內的部分即為采樣處理單元的硬件框圖。它以C5402DSP為CPU，主要由1）外圍輔助電路，2）程序/數據存儲器，3）模擬量輸入通道，4）開關量輸入/輸出通道，5）通信串口，6）C5402與PC工控機通信接口電路等六部分組成。
選用C5402DSP為CPU是為了減輕連續采樣給系統帶來的負擔。例如采樣速率為10k，在不外加硬件緩沖設備的情況下，中斷周期為1/10k=“100”μs而傳統的諸如Windows、Linux等操作系統它們主要是針對多任務設計的，其中的調度子程序主要以平均分配時間片的方法來解決多任務，這個時間片的基值單位叫做全局變量jiffies，在傳統操作系統中這個值一般在10ms左右，顯然這是很難滿足我們要求的。一般情況下對應上述情況，普通采集板的處理辦法就是外加FIFO。FIFO為先進先出存儲器，AD順序寫入數據，用戶可以同時順序將數據實時地讀出。FIFO通常應用的標志位為：“半滿－HF”與“溢出－FF”，FIFO的操作在HF＝0時，用戶可以一次將采樣數據連續讀出，同時不間斷AD向FIFO寫入數據。如果FIFO的FF位為0，表示FIFO溢出，讀出的數據將會丟失數據，所以用戶必需保持FIFO不溢出。但是外加FIFO的這種方法只能暫緩中斷的問題，不能根本解決問題。
下面以FIFO容量為1k，具有8路A/D，采樣率為10k的普通采集板為例進行分析：
中斷時每路采集到的點數N＝512/8=64；
中斷間隔時間T＝64/10000=6.4ms。
可見如果采樣率這么高或是更高的話對于一般操作系統來說是很難穩定運行的。同時采用FIFO后還會產生另外一個問題，就是故障的實時判定。采用FIFO后必須每隔一段時間才能進行故障判定。在故障信號突變不明顯時就很難準確地定位故障點，而對于本采集單元上述問題就不存在，因為TMS320VC5402采用增強的哈佛結構，8條內部總線使芯片的處理能力發揮到。可獨立尋址的64k數據空間和1M程序空間，允許同時存取程序指令和數據。六級流水線操作保證了它的處理速度能達到100MIPS（每秒百萬指令數）。這對于一般要求的采樣速率是完全可以勝任的，可以對采集數據進行逐點計算從而大大提高了精度和準確度。
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