LTMR27MBD 系統的軟硬件設計原理
1.1選線困難的原因
小電流接地電網選線困難的主要原因是單相接地時故障電流為線路對地電容電流，數值非常小，在故障前后的變化量非常微弱，此外單相接地故障狀況復雜，不同系統在饋線長度、中性點接地方式等方面都有較大差異，而且系統運行方式多變，要求選線裝置有較高的靈活性和適應性。
1.2小波算法
小波分析是一種新型時頻變換理論，它與Fourier分析的不同點在于給待處理的信號加上了一個“時頻”窗口，并能根據信號頻率高低自動調節窗口的大小，以確保捕捉到信號中希望得到的有用信息。同時小波變換對于分析突變信號特別有效。這也是Fourier分析所不及的。由于單相接地故障信號可能包含許多尖峰或突變部分，同時也包含有許多噪聲干擾，對這種非平穩信號的消噪，用傳統的傅立葉變換分析顯得無能為力，因為傅立葉分析是將信號完全在頻域中進行分析，信號在時間軸上的任何一個突變，都會影響信號的整個譜圖。而小波分析能夠同時在時頻域中對信號進行分析，且有“自動變焦”功能，所以它能有效地區分信號中的突變部分和噪聲。
實際運用中，連續小波需要離散化。這一離散化是針對連續的尺度參數a和連續的平移參數b的，而不是針對時間變量t的。
對應的離散小波函數ψj，k（t）：
本裝置利用小波變換把一個信號分解成不同尺度和位置的小波，選用合適的小波和小波基對暫態電流的特征分量進行小波變換后，通過比較各回線路暫態信號小波變換模極大值原理來實現故障選線。從幅值上看，非故障線路的電流行波信號僅為故障線路行波的透射分量，因此相應的小波變換模極大值也較小，而故障線路的電流行波信號在小波變換下，其模極大值。采用零序電壓（U0）的變化量啟動選線，U0的突變時刻即為故障發生時刻。具體選線方案如下。
1）由于平行多導線間存在電磁耦合，分析計算時可用相模變換對其進行解耦，對于A、C相故障，取A、C相電流故障前半周期、故障后兩個周期的電流數據并計算其β模電流；對于B相故障則取A相電流故障前后各兩周期數據并計算其突變量。
2）用基于Stein無偏風險估計理論的閾值選取算法對n條線路的β模電流（A、C相故障）或A相電流突變量（B相故障）進行消噪處理。
3）然后根據Mallat算法，使用Daubechies3小波對消噪后的信號進行多尺度小波變換，各尺度小波變換系數定義為cdjk（j=1，2，…，x；k=“1”，2，…，n）。其中，j為分解尺度，x為小波分解頻帶中恰不包含工頻分量的分解尺度，k為線路號。
4）分別計算各回線路｜cdjk｜，求出各條線路者所在的小波分解尺度j；將j相對密集的所在子空間定義為選線空間。
5）分別求出各條線路在同一選線空間中小波變換的模極大值并進行比較，取幅值的前三個進行比相，若某個與另外兩個方向相反，則判斷該線路接地，否則，為母線接地。
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