FBM207b卡件
FBM207b卡件
2015年,團隊終于就鋰枝晶給出一套解釋。隨后他們用這套標準測試收集的材料,最終發現有一種材料可以解決枝晶問題,效果還不錯。Singh說:“我本來很壓抑,但隨后這種情緒開始緩解。”
從開始到成功,團隊整整花了五年,他們所要的不過小小的一片材料。隨后團隊優化材料,試圖讓材料變得更大更好,而且不能有缺陷。每一次增大尺寸都要花費大約6個月至1年,這個階段又耗費了5年時間。到了2019年年底和2020年,團隊進入最后一步,將電池擴大,從30x30毫米變成70x85毫米。
到底QuantumScape發現了什么?枝晶是什么引起的?他們沒有說。Singh說:“最終我們會向公眾披露的,現在行業還不知道,要做很多工作、付出很多汗水才能找到原因,如果我們現在就披露,競爭對手進入就會容易很多。所以我們現在要保密。”
在過去幾十年里,電池社區一直被枝晶折磨,聽到QuantumScape的宣言許多研究人員無法接受。當我咨詢研究人員,他們經常會反問:QuantumScape是不是發現一種通用鋰枝晶解決方案?還是說這種方案并非通用方案,有局限性?BloombergNEF能源研究公司能源存儲主管JamesFrith問道:“它們的解決方案能否應用于其它鋰離子系統?還是說只適用于它自己的系統?就算它們的突破是真的,如果其它人無法從QuantumScape的發現中受益,又怎么能說是真正的科學突破?”
我問Singh,它們的解決方案是不是通用枝晶解決方案。Singh在郵件中回應稱:“我們的發現適用于固態分離器,而據我們所知,它是能阻止枝晶的方法。”從Singh的話分析,似乎QuantumScape的方法適合于各種固態分離器,競爭對手也能用。如果真是這樣,電池產業就會迎來Bannister時刻。現在最重要的問題在于確認,看看突破是不是真的。Frith說:“要請獨立人士來驗證。只有這樣能確認它是不是真的。”但到目前為止還看不到獨立驗證結果。
JeffSakamoto是密歇根大學材料學教授,他的電池研究工作和QuantumScape差不多。JeffSakamoto回應稱,如果QuantumScape關于枝晶的報告是真的,那的確是重大突破。QuantumScape還說:“鋰金屬電池是電池產業的圣杯,這的確是突破。”至于突破是不是技術上的突破,他無法確認。JeffSakamoto仔細查看了QuantumScape的專利文件,他認為該公司可以只能是找到了一種巧妙的方法來操縱電池。QuantumScape也許會調節進入電池的電池。JeffSakamoto說:“當電池開始形成枝晶時,他們可以阻止,讓電流逆轉。如果小心控制,就能繞開枝晶問題。”如果QuantumScape在材料科學方面找到突破口,JeffSakamoto會更加高興。
Sakamoto指出:“研究他們的專利文件可以發現,QuantumScape并非在材料方面找到了突破口,也不是開發出魔幻涂層。換言之,在性能方面到底是如何取得進步的,我們找不到明確的證據來解釋。如果他們真的開發出突破性材料或者涂層,卻保密不公開,那會是非常危險的舉動,因為產品的特點會顯露出來。我就會想,它們只是改變了電池循環方法,和電池內的材料無關。”
QuantumScape聲稱自己解決了枝晶問題,而所有這些斷言都與單層電池有關,如果想讓電池商用,層數要增加到100層。許多都說,增加層數是很難的事。
我們應該聽聽QuantumScape的競爭對手是怎么說的,比如SolidPower,它也是美國公司,正在研究固態電池。SolidPowerCTOJoshBuettner-Garrett沒有明確提到QuantumScape,他認為,制造單層電池是一回事,制造多層電池并保持同樣的性能又是另一回事;在汽車產業如何以合適的成本大規模生產多層電池是關鍵,而QuantumScape并沒有明確解釋。
阿貢國家實驗室能源存儲協作中心主管VenkatSrinivasan認為,如何增加層數?如何規模化?這些難題為其它電極(比如硅)留下了機會,它們也可以搶先商業化,QuantumScape的創新的確是一大進步,但從技術角度看是不是真的大飛躍?我們無法確定。VenkatSrinivasan說:“再過15年,當我們回看,可能會發現硅才是改變電動汽車版圖、讓人類走向電氣化的關鍵。”
針對這種懷疑,我給Singh發了封郵件。我在郵件中問:“鋰金屬內為什么會出現枝晶?你們聲稱已經找到了明確原因。我可不可以這樣理解,你們并不是發明一套新理論,而是找到了實際原因,這樣理解正確嗎?點,你們的解決方案可以阻止枝晶形成,是這樣嗎?”
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