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1747-BSN 測量接收信號功率的定位技術
依據接收到的無線信號的功率是來實現無線定位的一種常用的方法。通過測量基站（BS）收到的來自移動站（MS）的信號功率，以及它們之間無線信道的傳輸模型，可以估計出移動站到基站的大致距離為d。這樣對一個基站BS（i）來講，移動站必處于以BS（i）為圓心，d為半徑的圓上。當采用三個或三個以上的基站對同一個移動站進行測距時，即可以測得該移動站的所在位置。
在這種方法中，無線信號傳輸過程中的多徑效應和通過障礙時產生的陰影效應是產生定位誤差的主要原因。在信號的傳輸方向上，多徑效應有時會使在相距僅0.5個波長的兩點上信號強度相差30～40dB左右。為了克服多徑效應對測距的影響，對高速移動中的無線用戶可以通過求得其信號功率的平均值來提高定位的準確性，但對于緩慢移動甚至靜止的無線用戶有效的功率平均值是很難測得的。陰影效應是產生定位誤差的另一個主要原因，克服陰影效應的最主要的方法是預先測量每個基站周圍的信號功率損耗等高線。
在實際應用的CDMA系統中，為了減小近距離用戶對遠距用戶的干擾，必須要采用功率控制技術，在一些TDMA系統中，為了減小移動站（MS）的功耗也應用了功率控制。在這樣的采用功率控制的蜂窩系統中，要實現用測量信號功率為基礎的定位技術，移動站必須以足夠高的精度告知基站其發射信號的功率，基站再由接收到的信號功率計算出信號傳輸過程中的損耗，進而推算出移動站到基站的距離估值，實現對無線用戶的定位。
測量接收信號方向（AOA）的定位術
測量信號的到達角度（Angle Of Arr技ive，簡稱AOA）也是一種在蜂窩網中常用的定位技術。這種方法需要在基站采用專門的天線陣列來測量特定信號的來源方向。對于一個基站來講，AOA測量可以得出特定移動站所在方向，當兩個基站同時測量同一移動站所發出的信號時，兩個基站各自測量AOA所得的方向直線的焦點就是移動站所在的位置。盡管這種定位方法的原理非常簡單，但在實際的應用中存在一些難以克服的缺點。首先，AOA定位要求被測量的移動站與參與測量的所有基站之間，射頻信號是視線傳輸（LOS）的。非視線傳輸（NLOS）將會給AOA定位帶來不可預測的誤差，參見圖1。
即使是在以LOS傳輸為主的情況下，射頻信號的多徑效應依然會干擾AOA的測量。其次，由于天線設備角分辨率的限制，AOA的測量精度是隨著基站與移動站之間的距離的增加而不斷減小的。
由于測量AOA的定位方法具有上述的特點，所以對于處于城市地區的微小區來講，引起射頻信號反射的障礙物多且其到移動站的距離與小區半徑可以相比，這樣就會引起比較大的角測量誤差。在這種情況下，基于AOA的定位方法沒有實際的意義。對于宏小區，因為其基站一般處于比較高的位置，與小區的半徑相比，引起射頻信號反射的障礙物多位于移動站附近，NLOS傳輸引起的角測量誤差比較小。所以測量信號到達角度的定位方法多用于宏小區，或者與其他定位技術混合使用來提高定位的精度。
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