該系統硬件的關鍵部分是以PIC18F458單片機為核心的測控計算機。PIC18F458是美國微芯公司推出的采用RISC設計的增強型單片機,它指令周期短、處理能力強、運算能力高,并帶有豐富的外圍模塊。
測控計算機具有豐富的外部接口,在本系統中,用到了兩路串口,一路D/A輸出。測控計算機的配置框圖如圖3所示。
外圍兩路RS232串口分別用于磁羅盤、指揮車監控計算機(工控機)與測控計算機通信。測控計算機的數字量控制信息經D/A轉換器,作為定向天線云臺的模擬量轉動信號,達到定向天線云臺系統的隨動功能。
方位角計算
在隨動功能的實現中,天線的指向由指揮車和被控車輛決定,根據兩車接收到的GPS數據來計算定向天線的方位角。方位角是指以天線旋轉軸為軸,以地理北極為起始點,順時針方向旋轉到天線指向的方位所經過的角度。當指揮車上的定向天線對準目標時,此時圖像的傳輸效果。
按照地球模型畫出GPS方位角圖示,如圖4所示。
圖中,A為指揮車,B為被控車輛。它們的坐標分別為(λ1,φ1),(λ2,φ2),θ1為兩車的經度之差,θ2為兩車的緯度之差,O為地心,O1為被控車輛的緯度平面圓的圓心,R為地球半徑,r為被控車輛的緯度平面圓的半徑。其中,θ1=∣λ1-λ2∣,θ2=∣φ1-φ2∣。
方位角的計算:
由于指揮車和被控車輛的方位不同,方位角T取值如下:
(1)指揮車在目標的東北方向(包括北)時,T=π+∠BAC
(2)指揮車在目標的西北方向(包括西)時,T=π-∠BAC
(3)指揮車在目標的西南方向(包括南)時,T=∠BAC
(4)指揮車在目標的東南方向(包括東)時,T=2π-∠BAC
T∈[0°,360°]
PID控制算法
在隨動控制中,采用數字PID技術,控制規律通過執行固化到測量控制計算機中的控制程序實現。在實際使用中,要求系統動態性能好、控制時間短、超調量小。
PID控制器由比例控制器、積分控制器、微分控制器線性組合而成,共同對被控對象進行控制,其控制表達式為: u(k)=K_{P}?e(k)+Ki?∑e(k)+
Kd?[(e(k)-e( k-1)]。本系統主流程圖如圖5所示。
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